Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder affecting approximately 1 in 10 women of reproductive age. Characterised by irregular menstrual cycles, excess androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries, PCOS can impact fertility, metabolic health, and overall well-being. This article explores the symptoms, causes, and management strategies for PCOS, helping you navigate this condition with confidence.
What is PCOS?
PCOS is a complex condition involving an imbalance of reproductive hormones. The three main features used to diagnose PCOS are:
- Irregular Periods: Infrequent, irregular, or prolonged menstrual cycles.
- Excess Androgens: Elevated levels of male hormones leading to physical signs such as hirsutism (excess hair growth), acne, and thinning scalp hair.
- Polycystic Ovaries: Enlarged ovaries containing numerous small cysts visible on an ultrasound scan.
Diagnosis requires the presence of at least two of these features, and other conditions with similar symptoms should be ruled out.
Symptoms of PCOS
- Menstrual Irregularities: Fewer than nine periods a year, heavy bleeding, or no periods at all.
- Excess Hair Growth: On the face, chest, abdomen, or back.
- Acne: Persistent and often severe acne.
- Weight Gain: Difficulty losing weight and a tendency to gain weight, especially around the abdomen.
- Darkening of the Skin: Particularly around the neck, groin, or under the breasts.
- Skin Tags: Small flaps of excess skin in the armpits or neck area.
- Infertility: Difficulty conceiving due to irregular ovulation or lack of ovulation.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of PCOS is unknown, but several factors contribute to its development:
- Insulin Resistance: Up to 70% of women with PCOS have insulin resistance, causing the pancreas to produce more insulin, which can increase androgen production.
- Hormonal Imbalance: Elevated levels of androgens interfere with ovulation.
- Inflammation: Low-grade inflammation can stimulate polycystic ovaries to produce androgens.
- Genetics: PCOS can run in families, suggesting a genetic component.
Complications Associated with PCOS
- Infertility: Due to irregular ovulation.
- Metabolic Syndrome: Increased risk of high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol levels.
- Type 2 Diabetes: Higher likelihood of developing diabetes.
- Sleep Apnoea: Especially in women who are overweight.
- Depression and Anxiety: Due to hormonal changes and symptoms.
- Endometrial Cancer: Risk increases with prolonged absence of menstruation.
Managing PCOS
While there’s no cure for PCOS, symptoms can be managed effectively through a combination of lifestyle changes and medical treatments.
Lifestyle Modifications
- Healthy Diet: Focus on whole foods, high in fibre and low in processed sugars. A balanced diet can improve insulin resistance and support weight management.
- Regular Exercise: Physical activity helps lower blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity.
- Weight Management: Even a modest weight loss of 5-10% can significantly improve symptoms and restore normal ovulation.
Medical Treatments
- Hormonal Contraceptives: Birth control pills, patches, or vaginal rings can regulate menstrual cycles, reduce androgen levels, and clear acne.
- Metformin: A medication that improves insulin sensitivity and lowers insulin levels.
- Fertility Treatments: Medications like clomifene or letrozole can stimulate ovulation. In some cases, assisted reproductive technologies like IVF may be recommended.
- Anti-Androgen Medications: To reduce hair growth and acne.
- Topical Treatments: Creams and lotions to manage acne and hair growth.
Complementary Therapies
- Acupuncture: May help improve menstrual regularity and reduce stress.
- Supplements: Inositol and vitamin D have shown promise in improving insulin sensitivity and ovulation, but should be taken under medical supervision.
Emotional Support and Mental Health
Living with PCOS can be challenging. Emotional support is crucial:
- Counselling: Professional guidance to cope with depression, anxiety, or body image concerns.
- Support Groups: Connecting with others facing similar challenges can provide comfort and practical advice.
How The London Gynaecologist Can Help
At The London Gynaecologist, Mr Joseph Aquilina offers comprehensive care for women with PCOS.
Our Approach
- Detailed Assessment: Thorough evaluation of symptoms, medical history, and diagnostic tests.
- Personalised Treatment Plans: Tailored strategies combining lifestyle advice, medications, and fertility treatments if desired.
- Ongoing Monitoring: Regular check-ups to assess progress and adjust treatments as needed.
- Collaborative Care: Working alongside endocrinologists, dietitians, and mental health professionals to provide holistic support.
Take Control of Your PCOS Today
Managing PCOS is a journey, but you don’t have to navigate it alone. With expert guidance and a personalised approach, you can reduce symptoms, improve fertility, and enhance your quality of life.
Contact The London Gynaecologist today to schedule a consultation with Mr Joseph Aquilina. Let’s work together to create a plan that empowers you to take control of your health.
