Understanding Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and How It Can Affect Your Health
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal conditions affecting women of reproductive age. Despite this, many women live with symptoms for years before receiving a diagnosis.
While irregular periods are often the symptom most associated with PCOS, the condition can affect many areas of health, including fertility, skin, weight, metabolism and emotional wellbeing.
Understanding the signs of PCOS and seeking specialist advice can help you take control of your symptoms and access the right treatment.
What is PCOS?
PCOS is a condition where the ovaries produce higher levels of certain hormones, particularly androgens (often referred to as “male hormones”).
This hormonal imbalance can interfere with normal ovulation, which is why many women with PCOS experience irregular or absent periods.
Despite its name, having “polycystic ovaries” does not necessarily mean you have ovarian cysts. The term refers to the appearance of multiple small follicles that may be seen on an ultrasound scan. These follicles are not true cysts and are often harmless.
Common Symptoms of PCOS
PCOS affects women differently, and symptoms can vary significantly. Some women experience several symptoms, while others may only notice one or two.
1. Irregular periods
One of the most common signs of PCOS is an irregular menstrual cycle.
You may notice:
- Periods that arrive months apart
- Very long cycles
- Missed periods
- Difficulty predicting ovulation
This happens because hormonal changes can prevent the ovaries from releasing an egg regularly.
2. Difficulty becoming pregnant
PCOS is one of the most common causes of ovulation-related fertility difficulties.
If ovulation does not happen regularly, it can reduce the chances of conception. However, having PCOS does not mean you cannot become pregnant.
Many women with PCOS conceive naturally, while others benefit from treatments that help regulate ovulation.
If you have been trying to conceive and have irregular periods, it is worth seeking advice earlier rather than waiting.
3. Weight changes and difficulty losing weight
Many women with PCOS experience changes in their weight or find it more difficult to lose weight despite making healthy lifestyle choices.
This is often linked to insulin resistance, where the body does not respond as effectively to insulin, the hormone responsible for controlling blood sugar levels.
Insulin resistance can contribute to:
- Increased weight around the abdomen
- Increased hunger or cravings
- Higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes
4. Excess hair growth, acne and oily skin
Higher androgen levels can cause symptoms such as:
- Increased facial or body hair
- Persistent acne
- Oily skin
- Thinning hair on the scalp
These symptoms can have a significant effect on confidence and emotional wellbeing.
How is PCOS Diagnosed?
There is no single test that confirms PCOS. Diagnosis is usually based on a combination of symptoms, examination and investigations.
A specialist may consider:
Medical history
Your gynaecologist will discuss:
- Your menstrual cycle
- Symptoms
- Weight changes
- Fertility plans
- Family history
Blood tests
These may check:
- Hormone levels
- Testosterone levels
- Thyroid function
- Blood sugar and cholesterol levels
Ultrasound scan
A pelvic ultrasound may be used to assess the ovaries and womb.
It is important to remember that not every woman with PCOS has polycystic-looking ovaries, and not everyone with polycystic ovaries has PCOS.
Treatment Options for PCOS
There is no single cure for PCOS, but symptoms can be effectively managed.
Treatment is personalised depending on your symptoms, health goals and whether you are trying to conceive.
Lifestyle changes
Healthy lifestyle choices are an important part of managing PCOS.
This may include:
- Maintaining a balanced diet
- Regular exercise
- Improving sleep
- Managing stress
Even modest weight loss, where appropriate, can improve hormone balance and support more regular ovulation.
Medication to regulate periods
If irregular periods are a concern, hormonal treatments may be recommended.
Options may include:
- The combined contraceptive pill
- Progesterone treatments
- Hormonal coils
These treatments can help protect the lining of the womb and manage symptoms such as heavy or unpredictable bleeding.
Treatment for fertility
If PCOS is affecting ovulation, there are effective fertility treatments available.
These may include:
- Medication to stimulate ovulation
- Monitoring of ovulation
- Fertility specialist support
- Assisted reproductive treatments such as IVF where appropriate
Many women with PCOS successfully become pregnant with the right support.
Managing excess hair and acne
Treatment options may include:
- Hormonal medication
- Prescription creams
- Dermatological treatments
- Hair removal methods
A tailored approach can help improve both symptoms and confidence.
When Should You See a Gynaecologist About PCOS?
You should consider seeking specialist advice if you experience:
- Irregular or absent periods
- Difficulty becoming pregnant
- Unexplained weight changes
- Excess facial hair or acne
- Concerns about hormone imbalance
Early assessment can help identify PCOS, manage symptoms and reduce the risk of longer-term health issues.
Final Thoughts
PCOS is much more than irregular periods. It is a complex hormonal condition that can affect fertility, metabolism, confidence and quality of life.
The good news is that with the right diagnosis and personalised treatment plan, most women with PCOS can successfully manage their symptoms and achieve their health goals.
If you are experiencing symptoms that could be linked to PCOS, a consultation with a specialist London gynaecologist can help you understand your options and take the next steps with confidence.
